Language
English
Publication Date
4-1-2024
Journal
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
DOI
10.1037/pha0000656
PMID
37213182
PMCID
PMC10663387
PubMedCentral® Posted Date
4-1-2025
PubMedCentral® Full Text Version
Author MSS
Abstract
The botanical product commonly called "kratom" is still relatively novel to the United States. Like other natural products marketed as supplements, kratom is highly variable, both in terms of the alkaloids naturally occurring in kratom leaves and in terms of processing and formulation. Kratom products sold in the United States are not well-characterized, nor are daily use patterns among regular users. Surveys and case reports have comprised most of the literature on kratom use among humans. To advance our understanding of real-world kratom use, we developed a protocol for the remote study of regular kratom-using adults in the United States. Our study had three aspects implemented in one pool of participants nationwide: an in-depth online survey, 15 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) via smartphone app, and the collection and assay of the kratom products used by participants during EMA. Here, we describe these methods, which can be used to investigate myriad drugs or supplements. Recruiting, screening, and data collection occurred between July 20, 2022 and October 18, 2022. During this time, we demonstrated that these methods, while challenging from a logistical and staffing standpoint, are feasible and can produce high-quality data. The study achieved high rates of enrollment, compliance, and completion. Substances that are emerging or novel, but still largely legal, can be productively studied via nationwide EMA combined with assays of shipped product samples from participants. We discuss challenges and lessons learned so other investigators can adapt these methods. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Keywords
Adult, Humans, United States, Mitragyna, Surveys and Questionnaires, Ecological Momentary Assessment, kratom, ecological momentary assessment, drug assays, emerging drugs, supplements, novel substances
Published Open-Access
yes
Recommended Citation
Smith, Kirsten E; Feldman, Jeffrey D; Dunn, Kelly E; et al., "Novel Methods for the Remote Investigation of Emerging Substances: Application to Kratom" (2024). Faculty, Staff and Students Publications. 8643.
https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/baylor_docs/8643