Improved SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Surveillance Allows the Identification of New Variants and Signatures in Infected Patients

Authors

Antonio Grimaldi
Francesco Panariello
Patrizia Annunziata
Teresa Giuliano
Michela Daniele
Biancamaria Pierri
Chiara Colantuono
Marcello Salvi
Valentina Bouché
Anna Manfredi
Maria Concetta Cuomo
Denise Di Concilio
Claudia Tiberio
Mariano Fiorenza
Giuseppe Portella
Ilaria Cimmino
Antonio Sorrentino
Giovanna Fusco
Maria Rosaria Granata
Pellegrino Cerino
Antonio Limone
Luigi Atripaldi
Andrea Ballabio
Davide Cacchiarelli

Publication Date

8-12-2022

Journal

Genome Medicine

DOI

10.1186/s13073-022-01098-8

PMID

35962405

PMCID

PMC9372932

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

8-12-2022

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Published Open-Access

yes

Keywords

COVID-19, Genome, Viral, Humans, Pandemics, RNA, SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

Background: Genomic surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the only approach to rapidly monitor and tackle emerging variants of concern (VOC) of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such scrutiny is crucial to limit the spread of VOC that might escape the immune protection conferred by vaccination strategies or previous virus exposure. It is also becoming clear now that efficient genomic surveillance would require monitoring of the host gene expression to identify prognostic biomarkers of treatment efficacy and disease progression. Here we propose an integrative workflow to both generate thousands of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences per week and analyze host gene expression upon infection.

Methods: In this study we applied an integrated workflow for RNA extracted from nasal swabs to obtain in parallel the full genome of SARS-CoV-2 and transcriptome of host respiratory epithelium. The RNA extracted from each sample was reverse transcribed and the viral genome was specifically enriched through an amplicon-based approach. The very same RNA was then used for patient transcriptome analysis. Samples were collected in the Campania region, Italy, for viral genome sequencing. Patient transcriptome analysis was performed on about 700 samples divided into two cohorts of patients, depending on the viral variant detected (B.1 or delta).

Results: We sequenced over 20,000 viral genomes since the beginning of the pandemic, producing the highest number of sequences in Italy. We thus reconstructed the pandemic dynamics in the regional territory from March 2020 to December 2021. In addition, we have matured and applied novel proof-of-principle approaches to prioritize possible gain-of-function mutations by leveraging patients' metadata and isolated patient-specific signatures of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This allowed us to (i) identify three new viral variants that specifically originated in the Campania region, (ii) map SARS-CoV-2 intrahost variability during long-term infections and in one case identify an increase in the number of mutations in the viral genome, and (iii) identify host gene expression signatures correlated with viral load in upper respiratory ways.

Conclusion: In conclusion, we have successfully generated an optimized and cost-effective strategy to monitor SARS-CoV-2 genetic variability, without the need of automation. Thus, our approach is suitable for any lab with a benchtop sequencer and a limited budget, allowing an integrated genomic surveillance on premises. Finally, we have also identified a gene expression signature defining SARS-CoV-2 infection in real-world patients' upper respiratory ways.