Faculty, Staff and Student Publications
Publication Date
1-1-2025
Journal
Frontiers in Pain Research
Abstract
Background: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been a commonly used modality to relieve aches and pain for over 40 years. Commercially available devices provide multiple therapy modes involving a different combination of frequency and pulse width with intensity. While frequency sets sensation, intensity helps determine tolerability, longer pulse width is reported to induce a feeling of deeper stimulation. In fact, longer pulse width has been empirically shown to deliver current into deeper tissues, but in context of other electrical stimulation modalities. The goal of this study was to unpack the relationship between pulse width and activation depth in TENS.
Methods: A highly realistic, anatomically-based, 3D finite element model of the forearm was used to simulate the electric field (E-field) distribution, as the pulse width is varied. A typical titration-guided mechanism was used to obtain the strength-duration (S-D) curves of a sensory McIntyre-Richardson-Grill (MRG) axonal model simulating the pain-transmitting A-delta fibers. The pulse widths tested ranged from 30 μs to 495 μs.
Results: As expected, shorter pulse widths required more current to achieve activation, resulting in a larger E-field. The S-D curve of the target median nerve indicates a rheobase of 1.75 mA and a chronaxie of 232 µs. When the applied currents are the same, shorter pulse widths result in a smaller volume of tissue activated (VTA) compared to the longer pulse widths. A 21 fold difference in VTA was found between the longest and shortest pulse widths considered. For the conditions tested in the study, an increase in pulse width resulted in an increase in activation depth, exhibiting a linear relationship.
Conclusion: Our findings highlight the impact of pulse width on activation depth. While choice of a given therapy mode is usually based on an ad-hoc desirable sensation basis, medical professionals may consider advocating a certain therapy mode based on the depth of the intended target nerve.
Keywords
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, TENS, chronic pain, simulation, arm model, pulse width, activation depth, penetration depth
DOI
10.3389/fpain.2025.1526277
PMID
40313397
PMCID
PMC12043676
PubMedCentral® Posted Date
4-17-2025
PubMedCentral® Full Text Version
Post-print
Published Open-Access
yes