Publication Date
9-30-2024
Journal
Microorganisms
DOI
10.3390/microorganisms12101986
PMID
39458296
PMCID
PMC11509656
PubMedCentral® Posted Date
9-30-2024
PubMedCentral® Full Text Version
Post-Print
Published Open-Access
yes
Keywords
Helicobacter pylori, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm, eradication, human and health, outer membrane vesicle, phage, antimicrobial resistance, Helicobacter pylori, eradication, biofilm, outer membrane vesicle, phage, human and health
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium known to be associated with a significant risk of gastric cancer in addition to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and MALT lymphoma. Although only a small percentage of patients infected with H. pylori develop gastric cancer, Gastric cancer causes more than 750,000 deaths worldwide, with 90% of cases being caused by H. pylori. The eradication of this bacterium rests on multiple drug regimens as guided by various consensus. However, the efficacy of empirical therapy is decreasing due to antimicrobial resistance. In addition, biofilm formation complicates eradication. As the search for new antibiotics lags behind the bacterium’s ability to mutate, studies have been directed toward finding new anti-H. pylori agents while also optimizing current drug functions. Targeting biofilm, repurposing outer membrane vesicles that were initially a virulence factor of the bacteria, phage therapy, probiotics, and the construction of nanoparticles might be able to complement or even be alternatives for H. pylori treatment. This review aims to present reports on various compounds, either new or combined with current antibiotics, and their pathways to counteract H. pylori resistance.
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