Language

English

Publication Date

9-1-2024

Journal

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer

DOI

10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189163

PMID

39084494

PMCID

PMC11390310

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

3-1-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Author MSS

Abstract

Women that present to the clinic with established breast cancer metastases have limited treatment options. Yet, the majority of preclinical studies are actually not directed at developing treatment regimens for established metastatic disease. In this review we will discuss the current state of preclinical macro-metastatic breast cancer models, including, but not limited to syngeneic GEMM, PDX and xenografts. Challenges within these models which are often overlooked include fluorophore-immunogenic neoantigens, differences in experimental vs spontaneous metastasis and tumor heterogeneity. Furthermore, due to cell plasticity in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of the metastatic landscape, the treatment efficacy of newly approved immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) may differ in metastatic sites as compared to primary localized tumors.

Keywords

Breast Neoplasms, Humans, Female, Animals, Tumor Microenvironment, Neoplasm Metastasis, Disease Models, Animal, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Published Open-Access

yes

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