Language

English

Publication Date

1-22-2024

Journal

Development Cell

DOI

10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.027

PMID

38154460

PMCID

PMC10872876

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

1-22-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Author MSS

Abstract

WNT morphogens trigger signaling pathways fundamental for embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer. WNTs are modified with palmitoleate, which is critical for binding Frizzled (FZD) receptors and activating signaling. However, it is unknown how WNTs are released and spread from cells, given their strong lipid-dependent membrane attachment. We demonstrate that secreted FZD-related proteins and WNT inhibitory factor 1 are WNT carriers, potently releasing lipidated WNTs and forming active soluble complexes. WNT release occurs by direct handoff from the membrane protein WNTLESS to the carriers. In turn, carriers donate WNTs to glypicans and FZDs involved in WNT reception and to the NOTUM hydrolase, which antagonizes WNTs by lipid moiety removal. WNT transfer from carriers to FZDs is greatly facilitated by glypicans that serve as essential co-receptors in Wnt signaling. Thus, an extracellular network of carriers dynamically controls secretion, posttranslational regulation, and delivery of WNT morphogens, with important practical implications for regenerative medicine.

Keywords

Wnt Proteins, Glypicans, Wnt Signaling Pathway, Embryonic Development, Lipids, Frizzled Receptors, signaling, morphogen, WNT, receptor, lipids, extracellular

Published Open-Access

yes

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Graphical Abstract

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