Language

English

Publication Date

6-5-2025

Journal

American Journal of Human Genetics

DOI

10.1016/j.ajhg.2025.04.008

PMID

40367947

PMCID

PMC12256859

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

5-13-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

8q21.11 microdeletions involving ZFHX4 have previously been associated with a syndromic form of intellectual disability, hypotonia, unstable gait, and hearing loss. We report on 63 individuals-57 probands and 6 affected family members-with protein-truncating variants (n = 41), (micro)deletions (n = 21), or an inversion (n = 1) affecting ZFHX4. Probands display variable developmental delay and intellectual disability, distinctive facial characteristics, morphological abnormalities of the central nervous system, behavioral alterations, short stature, hypotonia, and occasionally cleft palate and anterior segment dysgenesis. The phenotypes associated with 8q21.11 microdeletions and ZFHX4 intragenic loss-of-function (LoF) variants largely overlap, although leukocyte-derived DNA shows a mild common methylation profile for (micro)deletions. ZFHX4 shows increased expression during human brain development and neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, ZFHX4-interacting factors identified via immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (IP-MS) suggest an important role for ZFHX4 in cellular pathways, especially during histone modifications, protein trafficking, signal transduction, cytosolic transport, and development. Additionally, using CUT&RUN, we observed that ZFHX4 binds the promoter of genes with crucial roles in embryonic, neuronal, and axonal development. Moreover, we investigated whether the disruption of zfhx4 causes craniofacial abnormalities in zebrafish. First-generation (F0) zfhx4 crispant zebrafish, a (mosaic) mutant for zfhx4 LoF variants, have significantly shorter Meckel's cartilage and smaller ethmoid plates compared to control zebrafish. Behavioral assays showed a decreased movement frequency in the zfhx4 crispant zebrafish in comparison with controls. Furthermore, structural abnormalities were found in the zebrafish hindbrain. In conclusion, our findings delineate a ZFHX4-associated neurodevelopmental disorder and suggest a role for zfhx4 in facial skeleton patterning, palatal development, and behavior.

Keywords

Humans, Animals, Zebrafish, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Homeodomain Proteins, Male, Female, Child, Intellectual Disability, Loss of Function Mutation, Phenotype, Adolescent, Child, Preschool, Zebrafish Proteins, Chromosome Deletion, Pedigree, Adult, ZFHX4, transcription factor, neurodevelopmental disorder, 8q21.11 microdeletion, methylation profile, transcription regulation, neurogenesis, orofacial cleft, craniofacial development, ocular anomalies

Published Open-Access

yes

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