Language

English

Publication Date

4-29-2025

Journal

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

DOI

10.1073/pnas.2415425122

PMID

40249772

PMCID

PMC12054822

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

4-18-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

The cerebellar ventricular zone (VZ) is the primary source of progenitors that generate cerebellar GABAergic neurons, including Purkinje cells (PCs) and interneurons (INs). This study provides detailed characterization of human cerebellar GABAergic neurogenesis using transcriptomic and histopathological analyses and reveals conserved and unique features compared to rodents. We show that the sequential progression of neurogenesis is conserved and occurs before 8 postconception weeks. Notably, PC differentiation occurs in the outer subventricular zone (SVZ), a region absent in the mouse cerebellum. Human PCs are generated during a compact two-week period before the onset of cerebral cortex histogenesis. A subset of human PCs retain proliferative marker expression weeks after leaving the VZ, another feature not observed in rodents. Human PC maturation is protracted with an extensive migration and reorganization throughout development with dendritic arborization developing in late gestation. We define a continuous transcriptional cascade of PC development from neuroepithelial cells to mature PCs. In contrast, while human interneuronal progenitors are born beginning in early fetal development, they exhibit an even more protracted differentiation across late gestation and into postnatal ages. These findings show dynamic developmental process for human cerebellar GABAergic neurons and underscore the importance of the embryonic environment, with early disruptions having potentially significant impacts.

Keywords

Humans, Cerebellum, Neurogenesis, Animals, GABAergic Neurons, Mice, Purkinje Cells, Interneurons, Cell Differentiation, Lateral Ventricles, Female, Male, cerebellum, Purkinje, ventricular zone, human, development

Published Open-Access

yes

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