Language

English

Publication Date

7-25-2024

Journal

Brain Sciences

DOI

10.3390/brainsci14080744

PMID

39199439

PMCID

PMC11352493

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

7-25-2024

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

Long COVID-19 is characterized by ongoing symptoms or prolonged or long-term complications of SARS-CoV-2 contraction which persist beyond 4 weeks from the initial onset of symptoms. Gender and duration of hospitalization (DH) are key risk factors for developing long COVID-19 syndrome, but their impact and interplay need further study. This research involved 996 long COVID-19 patients, and we compared the levels of general psychopathology, depression, agitated depression, anxiety, and medication use between hospitalized and non-hospitalized males and females. In the hospitalized patients, multivariate regressions assessed the impact of gender, DH, and the interaction of these variables. The females had higher levels of long COVID-19 symptoms, psychotropic drug use, depression, anxiety, and general psychopathology than the males. The non-hospitalized females exhibited more severe agitated depression than the non-hospitalized males. In females, DH was more strongly correlated with the number of psychotropic medications used during long COVID-19. A negative correlation was found between DH and severity of agitated depression in the female patients only. These results highlight that the gender-specific relationship between DH and agitated depression severity should be explored further.

Keywords

COVID-19, long COVID-19 syndrome, depression, anxiety, psychopathology, hospitalization, gender

Published Open-Access

yes

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