The Silent Pandemic: the Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Adolescents Living with HIV

Authors

Florence Anabwani-Richter
Trina Swanson
Sandile Dlamini
Kizito Katulege
Chikabachi Daire
Geeta Singhal

Publication Date

1-1-2022

Journal

Current Tropical Medicine Reports

DOI

10.1007/s40475-022-00270-9

PMID

36277680

PMCID

PMC9579544

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

10-18-2022

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Published Open-Access

yes

Keywords

Mental disorders, Depression, Adolescents, Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), COVID-19, Africa, Eswatini

Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has resulted in millions of confirmed cases and likely more than six million deaths globally Worldometer (2022). We sought to understand secondary mental effects in adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) on the African continent caused by lockdowns, school closures, and other restriction measures for infection control. We reviewed the broader literature and conducted 86 retrospective chart reviews of mental health disorders of ALHIV and interventions utilized at a pediatric clinic in Eswatini.

RECENT FINDINGS: ALHIVs are disproportionately affected by mental health disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated adverse mental health outcomes of adolescents on the African continent, especially for ALHIV. There have been many calls for researchers, clinicians, and governments to prioritize mental health in adolescents going forward.

SUMMARY: In pediatric clinics in Eswatini, Malawi, and Uganda, there were psychosocial measures in place prior to the COVID-19 pandemic for ALHIV. After looking closely at a pediatric clinic in Eswatini, we found that many interventions were paused and new psychosocial interventions compatible with social distancing were instead utilized by clinicians. Even so, after multidisciplinary management comprising of interventions such as psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, referral to psychologists/psychiatrists, and enrollment in peer support groups, the PHQ-9 depressions scores of ALHIV during the COVID-19 significantly improved. We found that there is a need for age-specific standardized tools to measure depression in ALHIV. Furthermore, more research is needed on the effectiveness and scope of psychosocial interventions for ALHIV post-COVID-19 throughout Eswatini and the African continent.