Language

English

Publication Date

12-15-2025

Journal

Communications Biology

DOI

10.1038/s42003-025-09322-y

PMID

41398470

PMCID

PMC12800023

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

12-15-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

The novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Leat1 is extraordinarily conserved in both its location (syntenic with EfnB2, an essential gene in anogenital patterning) and sequence. Here we show that Leat1 is upregulated following the production of testosterone from the developing testis in mice and interacts with EfnB2, positively regulating its expression. Leat1 expression is suppressed by estrogen, which in turn suppresses the expression of EfnB2. Moreover, the loss of Leat1 leads to reduced EfnB2, resulting in a severe hypospadias phenotype. The human LEAT1 gene is also co-expressed with EFNB2 in the developing human penis, suggesting a conserved function for this gene in urethral closure. Together our data identify Leat1 as a novel molecular regulator of urethral closure and implicate it as a target of endocrine disruption in the etiology of hypospadias.

Keywords

Male, RNA, Long Noncoding, Animals, Mice, Humans, Hypospadias, Testosterone, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Urethra, Penis, Testis, Urogenital System

Published Open-Access

yes

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