Language

English

Publication Date

1-1-2026

Journal

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

DOI

10.3389/fcell.2026.1851315

PMID

42293750

PMCID

PMC13253961

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

5-28-2026

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

Tissue-restricted gene expression serves as a key indicator of functional importance within specific organs. Despite advances in high-throughput sequencing and genome editing over the past decade, this principle remains the gold standard for identifying candidate genes for functional studies. In reproductive biology, testis-restricted expression is anticipated to indicate genes crucial for gametogenesis, given the conserved features shared between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Concurrently, rapid evolution of spermatogenesis-related genes is well documented and thought to arise through duplication and subsequent mutation of ubiquitously expressed genes. In this study, we established 14 knockout (KO) mouse lines for male reproductive organ-enriched genes, all of which exhibited normal growth and fertility in natural mating assays. These genes share sequence similarity with previously characterized gene families or functionally defined paralogs. These observations indicate that while these genes acquired enriched expressions in male reproductive organ following their evolutionary origin, they may represent: (1) currently non-functional loci, (2) genes with redundant functions compensated by paralogs, or (3) genes undergoing loss of function.

Keywords

CRISPR/Cas9, epididymis, evolutionary conservation, gene redundancy, male infertility, null mutant mice, spermatozoa, testis

Published Open-Access

yes

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