Language

English

Publication Date

1-1-2026

Journal

PLoS One

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0346497

PMID

42054324

PMCID

PMC13127910

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

4-29-2026

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

Hydroponics is a widely utilized technique to precisely control the plant growing environment and maximize productivity. In some cases, hydroponics systems can be expensive and require specialized expertise to build and maintain. Here, we present a suite of 3D-printed devices that can be constructed into a single or double tower hydroponics system of variable height and composition. This system is easily scalable to fit the needs of a user and can be implemented in a variety of research and educational contexts. Components in this suite can be made from inexpensive plastic filament using household-grade 3D printers. The vertical design of these systems allows for users to maximize space-use-efficiency in growth chambers, greenhouses, or even classrooms. We describe the construction of our system and provide example data from a validation study growing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under different salinity conditions. Data generated by our 3D printed system were comparable to those generated using traditional deep water culture. This suite of 3D printed components can be utilized by researchers and educators alike to capitalize on the benefits of hydroponics in a flexible, budget-friendly way.

Keywords

Printing, Three-Dimensional, Hydroponics, Plant Leaves, Spinacia oleracea, Research

Published Open-Access

yes

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