Language

English

Publication Date

1-1-2026

Journal

Annals of Gastroenterology

DOI

10.20524/aog.2026.1028

PMID

41612986

PMCID

PMC12850695

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

12-12-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

Background: Immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (IMDC) due to checkpoint inhibition infrequently presents with normal stool biomarkers and no endoscopic or histologic evidence of inflammation. Little is known about the treatment needs and outcomes of this subset of patients. We aimed to describe this entity and clarify the role of immunosuppressive treatments in its management.

Method: This was a single-center, retrospective study of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors who developed clinical symptoms of IMDC, with no evidence of inflammation based on fecal calprotectin or endoscopic/histologic evaluation, between January 2010 and February 2024.

Results: Of 1151 patients with IMDC, 131 (11.4%) had no evidence of inflammation. These patients more frequently had PD-1/L1 agent exposure (P=0.019) and presented with less severe diarrhea than patients with evidence of inflammation (P< 0.001). This group had a lower rate of hospitalization (P=0.003). Around 40% of patients with no evidence of inflammation required immunosuppressive treatment. There was no difference in clinical symptoms or severity between patients requiring immunosuppression and those who did not.

Conclusions: Our study is the first to explore IMDC with no elevations in calprotectin and normal endoscopic/histologic findings. We found that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition may predispose patients to developing this form of IMDC, which is associated with a lower severity of diarrhea, fewer hospitalizations and lower recurrence rates. Many patients still require immunosuppressive treatment, and a small subset later develop colonic inflammation. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the treatment needs and outcomes of this patient population.

Keywords

Immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis, immunotherapy, infliximab, vedolizumab

Published Open-Access

yes

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