Language

English

Publication Date

12-3-2025

Journal

BMJ Open

DOI

10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113007

PMID

41338629

PMCID

PMC12682165

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

12-3-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

Introduction: Anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common in children and adolescents and can lead to significant impairment. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with exposure is the first-line treatment, yet approximately half of treated youth do not achieve full remission. Dysfunctional cognitions-negative automatic thoughts, maladaptive beliefs and distorted interpretations-are considered key targets of CBT, but evidence in youth is mixed and underpowered. This study will examine whether change in dysfunctional cognitions mediates treatment outcome in anxiety, OCD and PTSD symptoms and whether this association varies across individual characteristics.

Methods and analysis: An individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) of randomised controlled trials of CBT for youth aged 5-18 years with anxiety disorders, OCD or PTSD will be conducted. The search strategy includes the databases APA PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science Core Collection from inception to 8 September 2025. It is supplemented by screening reference lists, trial registries, grey literature and outreach to relevant research groups. Eligible trials must include at least one validated measure of dysfunctional cognitions administered at minimum pre- and post-treatment, and clinical outcomes assessed at post-treatment and follow-up. The two primary outcomes are (1) child-reported symptom severity and (2) clinician-rated clinical severity. Data will be harmonised for dysfunctional cognition scores, moderators (age, gender, socioeconomic status, comorbidity), and primary outcomes. One-stage Bayesian mixed-effects models will examine whether changes in dysfunctional cognitions predict improvements in primary outcomes and whether these effects are moderated by individual characteristics. Missing data will be addressed using multiple imputation within the Bayesian framework, and study-level heterogeneity will be modelled using random intercepts and slopes.

Ethics and dissemination: All datasets will be de-identified and managed under General Data Protection Regulation standards. Each included trial will have ethical approval permitting data sharing and reuse, and the secondary analysis of the shared datasets has been approved by the University of Amsterdam. Findings will be disseminated via a peer-reviewed publication, scientific conferences and open sharing of analysis scripts and harmonisation procedures.

Prospero registration number: CRD420251139130.

Keywords

Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Child, Adolescent, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Research Design, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Cognition, Child, Preschool, Treatment Outcome, Child & adolescent psychiatry, Meta-Analysis, Cognitive dysfunction, mental health

Published Open-Access

yes

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