Language

English

Publication Date

11-24-2025

Journal

Scientific Reports

DOI

10.1038/s41598-025-29459-4

PMID

41286002

PMCID

PMC12749482

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

11-24-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

In this work, the hybrid fiber-based epoxy composite samples have been prepared with the application of three unlike organic natural fibers viz., Sisal (S), Ramie (R), and Flax (F) and epoxy as the matrix, with a weight ratio of 70:30 for epoxy and fibers. Six different stacking sequences of fibers, pure fibers and pure matrix were used for specimen preparation, namely S/F/F/F/S, F/S/S/S/F, F/R/R/R/F, R/F/F/F/R, R/S/S/S/R, S/R/R/R/S, PS, PR, PF, and Pure matrix. The composite specimen was prepared by manually and uniform thickness was obtained by the compression moulding process. The mechanical trials such as, tensile, impact, hardness, and flexural tests had been carried out on the composite samples. The results revealed that among all the fiber-stacking combinations, the maximum tensile strength was observed in the Sisal and Flax fiber-based sequence F/S/S/S/F, showing a 366.7% enhancement compared to pure epoxy. The composite materials with the layering sequences R/S/S/S/R, F/R/R/R/F, and R/F/F/F/R demonstrate superior flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness values, respectively, compared to other combinations of composites. The maximum tensile, flexural, and impact strengths and hardness of F/S/S/S/F, R/S/S/S/R, F/R/R/R/F and R/F/F/F/R are 36.28 MPa, 77.8 MPa, 13.38 kJ/m2, and 57 h, respectively, compared to all the remaining sequences of the specimens. Various defects in the composite specimens, including fiber breakage, porosity, voids due to fiber pullouts, and matrix regions, were identified through scanning electron microscope images.

Keywords

Hybrid composite, Epoxy, Mechanical tests, Different fiber stacking, Scanning electron microscope, Mechanical engineering, Materials science

Published Open-Access

yes

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