Rare Heterozygous De Novo Variants in RAPGEF2 Are Associated With a Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Authors

• Ali H Bereshneh
• Kirkland A Wilson
• Xueyang Pan
• Shabab B Hannan
• Megan A Cooper
• Jullianne Diaz
• Eyby Leon
• Tiana M Moses
• Mahshid S Azamian
• Daryl A Scott
• Ping Yee Billie Au
• Juan Pablo Appendino
• Ingrid E Scheffer
• Antony Kaspi
• Melanie Bahlo
• Michael S Hildebrand
• Angela T Morgan
• Ekanem Ekure
• Joshua M Shulman
• Friedhelm Hildebrandt
• Jennifer E Posey
• Paul Kruszka
• Eric Vilain
• Shinya Yamamoto
• Oguz Kanca
• Seth Berger
• Hugo J Bellen

Language

English

Publication Date

1-16-2026

Journal

Genetics in Medicine

DOI

10.1016/j.gim.2026.101685

PMID

41556274

PMCID

PMC13060567

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

4-9-2026

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Author MSS

Abstract

Purpose: RAPGEF2 encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates small GTPases and has not been linked to a Mendelian disorder. RAPGEF2 is highly intolerant to loss-of-function variants. We report 5 de novo heterozygous variants in RAPGEF2 in unrelated individuals with developmental delay, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, dysmorphic features, or other manifestations. We used a Drosophila model to assess the functional impact of the identified human variants.

Methods: We generated a Kozak-GAL4 null allele of the Drosophila ortholog of RAPGEF2, PDZ-GEF, and used the allele to determine the gene expression pattern as well as the loss-of-function phenotypes. We expressed the reference and variant RAPGEF2 in PDZ-GEF mutant background to conduct "humanization" studies.

Results: Our experiments show that PDZ-GEF is expressed in the central nervous system. Loss of PDZ-GEF leads to severe locomotion defects, aberrant microtubular stability in motor neuron axons, and synaptic overgrowth at neuromuscular junctions in third instar larvae. Mutant animals are lethal at various developmental stages. Importantly, the neurodevelopmental phenotypes can be rescued by expression of the human RAPGEF2 reference cDNA but not by any of the variants.

Conclusion: Our findings provide functional evidence that the tested RAPGEF2 variants are loss-of-function alleles and that the RAPGEF2 variants are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder.

Keywords

PDZ-GEF, global developmental delay, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dysmorphic features, cardiovascular deficit, locomotion defects, microtubule stability, synaptic overgrowth, Drosophila

Published Open-Access

yes

Recommended Citation

Bereshneh, Ali H; Wilson, Kirkland A; Pan, Xueyang; et al., "Rare Heterozygous De Novo Variants in RAPGEF2 Are Associated With a Neurodevelopmental Disorder" (2026). Duncan NRI Faculty and Staff Publications. 225.
https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/duncar_nri_pub/225