Factor Structure of Food and Physical Activity Parenting Practices Among US Fathers by Ethnicity and Survey Language: A Cross Sectional Study

Authors

• Salma M A Musaad
• Louise C Mâsse
• Alicia Beltran
• Oriana Perez
• Teresia M O'Connor

Language

English

Publication Date

10-28-2025

Journal

BMC Public Health

DOI

10.1186/s12889-025-24584-1

PMID

41152826

PMCID

PMC12560397

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

10-28-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

Background: Parenting practices contribute to children’s eating and physical activity behaviors, and thereby their risk of obesity and associated medical conditions. Fathers may engage in different parenting practices than mothers. The objective of this study was therefore to establish psychometrically sound tools in English and Spanish for measuring Physical Activity Parenting Practices (PAPP) and Food Parenting Practices (FPP) for Hispanic and non-Hispanic fathers of diverse races for use in future studies, such as evaluations of family-based obesity interventions targeted at fathers.

Methods: We conducted a preliminary assessment of the psychometric properties of a reduced version of the PAPP and FPP item banks which were administered in English or Spanish to 639 fathers of 5–11 year old children. We used confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to examine factor structures of the reduced item banks by survey language and ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic). The internal consistency of the scales were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha.

Results: We identified three factors for PAPP (Autonomy Support, Co-Participation/Modeling, Coercive Control) with two sub-factors each; four factors for FPP (Child Involvement, Covert Control, Modeling, Threats & Bribes) without sub-factors. The solutions performed well in the samples of English and Spanish-speaking fathers. The fit of the FPP factors was adequate among fathers who completed the survey in English, and to a lesser extent among Spanish-speaking fathers, albeit acceptable. A bi-factor model, where each item loads on a primary dimension and supports the use of global factors, was identified for all PAPP scales in both languages with adequate internal consistency and fit. The CFA structure observed by survey language versions was less supported across ethnicities, but did not diverge enough to warrant major modifications. The internal consistency of the FPP Covert Control factor among Hispanics and the Spanish survey sample was low.

Conclusions: This work builds on previously published psychometrics of a large item bank for improving fathers’ measurement of PAPP and FPP. Findings support the use of a reduced version of the parenting practices for fathers when administering the survey in English and Spanish. Further research is needed to investigate the measurement of fathers’ parenting practices across other Spanish speaking groups.

Keywords

Parenting practices, Child physical activity, Child feeding, Confirmatory factor analysis

Published Open-Access

yes

Recommended Citation

Musaad, Salma M A; Mâsse, Louise C; Beltran, Alicia; et al., "Factor Structure of Food and Physical Activity Parenting Practices Among US Fathers by Ethnicity and Survey Language: A Cross Sectional Study" (2025). Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications. 341.
https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/staff_pub/341