Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Vitamin D Deficiency in COVID-19 infection with and without Venous or Arterial Thrombosis: A Pilot Case-control Study

Authors

Ruchi Shah
Yaqub Nadeem Mohammed
Tracy J Koehler
Jasmeet Kaur
Margarita Toufeili
Priyanjali Pulipati
Ahmed Alqaysi
Ali Khan
Mahrukh Khalid
Yi Lee
Parveen Dhillon
Anna Thao Dan
Nicholas Kumar
Monica Bowen
Anupam A Sule
Geetha Krishnamoorthy

Publication Date

7-14-2022

Journal

PLoS One

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is associated with thromboembolism. Antiphospholipid antibody (APLa) formation is one of the mechanisms. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Measure APLa and vitamin D in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without thrombosis to evaluate if thromboembolism is associated with concomitant APLa and vitamin D deficiency.

METHODS: Case-control study. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients with a thromboembolic event (ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, Cases n = 20). Controls (n = 20): Age, sex-matched without thromboembolic events. Patients with autoimmune disorders, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, thrombophilia, anticoagulation therapy, prior thromboembolism, chronic kidney disease 3b, 4, end-stage renal disease, and malignancy were excluded. Given the limited current literature on the role of concomitant antiphospholipid antibodies and vitamin D deficiency in causing venous and/or arterial thrombosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we enrolled 20 patients in each arm. Anti-cardiolipin IgG/IgM, beta-2 glycoprotein-1 IgG/IgM, lupus anticoagulant and vitamin D levels were measured in both groups.

RESULTS: Cases were 5.7 times more likely to be vitamin D deficient (OR:5.7, 95% CI:1.3-25.6) and 7.4 times more likely to have any one APLa (OR:7.4, 95% CI: 1.6-49.5) while accounting for the effects of sex. Patients with both APLa and vitamin D deficiency had significantly more thrombosis compared to patients who were antibody positive without vitamin D deficiency (100% vs 47.4%; p = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS: Thrombosis in COVID-19 was associated with concomitant APLa and vitamin D deficiency. Future studies in COVID-19 should assess the role of vitamin D in reducing thrombosis.

Keywords

Antibodies, Anticardiolipin, Antibodies, Antiphospholipid, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, COVID-19, Case-Control Studies, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Thromboembolism, Thrombosis, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency

Comments

PMID: 35834511