Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Language

English

Publication Date

11-15-2025

Journal

Journal of Clinical Medicine

DOI

10.3390/jcm14228092

PMID

41303128

PMCID

PMC12653318

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

11-15-2025

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

Spasticity, a complex consequence of upper motor neuron lesions, poses challenges for clinical assessment due to its neural and mechanical origins. Traditional scales like the Modified Ashworth and Tardieu Scales provide subjective, context-limited insights, often missing spasticity's dynamic nature. Neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) modeling offers objective, quantitative insights by integrating patient-specific muscle-tendon properties, reflex dynamics, and multi-joint biomechanics. This scoping review examines advancements in spasticity modeling, comparing mechanical, neurological, and integrated approaches, and their applications in conditions like cerebral palsy and stroke. We highlight barriers to clinical translation, including computational demands and regulatory challenges, and propose future directions, such as real-time simulation and machine learning integration, to enhance personalized assessment and treatment.

Keywords

spasticity, neuromusculoskeletal modeling, reflex hyperexcitability, muscle-tendon mechanics, computational modeling, gait analysis, cerebral palsy, stroke rehabilitation, spinal cord injury

Published Open-Access

yes

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