Y Chromosome Gene Kdm5D Epigenetically Drives Sex Differences In Colorectal Cancer

Author

Jiexi LiFollow

Author ORCID Identifier

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-5732

Date of Graduation

5-2023

Document Type

Dissertation (PhD)

Program Affiliation

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Degree Name

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Advisor/Committee Chair

Ronald A. DePinho, M.D.

Committee Member

Scott Kopetz, M.D., Ph.D.

Committee Member

Guillermina (Gigi) Lozano, Ph.D.

Committee Member

Kunal Rai, Ph.D.

Committee Member

Michael A. Curran, Ph.D.

Abstract

Sex exerts a profound impact on cancer incidence, spectrum and outcomes, yet the molecular genetic bases of such sex differences are ill-defined and presumptively ascribed to X-chromosome genes and sex hormones. Such sex differences are particularly prominent in colorectal cancer (CRC) where men experience higher metastases and mortality. A murine CRC model, engineered with an inducible transgene encoding oncogenic mutant KRAS^G12D and conditional null alleles of Apc and Trp53 tumor suppressors (designated iKAP), revealed higher metastases and worse outcomes specifically in males with oncogenic mutant KRAS (KRAS*) CRC. Integrated cross-species molecular and transcriptomic analyses identified Y-chromosome gene histone demethylase KDM5D as a transcriptionally up-regulated gene driven by KRAS*-mediated activation of the STAT4 transcription factor in cancer cells. KDM5D-dependent chromatin mark and transcriptome changes showed repression of regulators of the epithelial cell tight junction and MHC class I complex components. Deletion of Kdm5d in iKAP cancer cells increased tight junction integrity, decreased cell invasiveness, and enhanced cancer cell killing by CD8+ T cells. Conversely, iAP mice engineered with a Kdm5d transgene to provide constitutive Kdm5d expression specifically in iAP cancer cells exhibited an increased propensity for more invasive tumors in vivo. In addition, upregulated KDM5D expression in CD8+ T cells contributes to a suppressive immune response in men. Thus, upregulation of Y chromosome KDM5D in cancer cells and immune cells collaboratively contributes to the sex differences in CRC via its disruption of cancer cell adhesion properties and regulation of tumor immunity, providing an actionable therapeutic strategy for metastasis risk reduction for men afflicted with KRAS* CRC.

Keywords

Colorectal Cancer, Epigenetics, Sex Differences, Metastasis, Tumor Microenvironment, CD8+ T Cells, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition