Language

English

Publication Date

4-13-2026

Journal

Biology

DOI

10.3390/biology15080614

PMID

42041891

PMCID

PMC13112940

PubMedCentral® Posted Date

4-13-2026

PubMedCentral® Full Text Version

Post-print

Abstract

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most aggressive form of brain cancer recalcitrant to both current standard-of-care and immune checkpoint therapies that benefit other cancer patients. Adoptive cell therapies (ACT) using patients' own immune cells have long been explored as a treatment strategy, including the historically studied lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, the evolving chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) directed immune cells, the newly emerging tumor-infiltrating T lymphocyte (TIL) therapies, and others. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown promise but also highlighted significant challenges. In this review, we summarize these findings, highlight recent developments, discuss current limitations, and emphasize how ACT may benefit from contemporary and future insights into the co-evolution of TILs with other cells within the GBM tumor microenvironment (TME).

Keywords

adoptive cell therapy, glioblastoma, CAR-T, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, tumor microenvironment

Published Open-Access

yes

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